International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

International business - Essay Example There is need for increased globalization since there are many benefits associated with it that ought to be fully utilized for common good of all nations in the world. Thus, the problem is that there is no much globalization for countries to effectively utilize these advantages that accrue to it. As countries, continue to interact and integrate their economies, the dividing walls of hostility that separate trade between countries are broken. This results to free trade where goods and services are exchanged freely across the borders of countries involved with minimal restrictions from the relevant authorities and agencies. Free trade necessitates countries to specialize in the production of only the goods and services, which they have a comparative advantage over the other nation probably because of better resource endowment or other factors that make them to be best suited. Specialization leads to production of goods of high quality since most of the resources are channelled towards production of a specific good and repeated production of the same product is likely to lead to improved quality. Specialization is also associated with incurring of less cost of production which is translated to the final price presented to consumers hence it makes products to be cheaper. Globalization results to movement of labourers from one nation to another without incurring heavy costs that are normally associated with migration and without spending a lot of time (United Nations & Ocampo, 2002 p. 73). Free movement of workers is beneficial to workers since it provides employment opportunities that are not available in the home country hence making them to be economically stable. The workers in turn contribute to economic growths of their home countries when they repatriate back their savings in form of investments and other income generating ventures. The host countries benefit from the services of the foreign workers which are not locally available

Sustainable Coffee Market Essay Example for Free

Sustainable Coffee Market Essay 1.1 Company overview Our company CoffeeTime will be established in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. This is due to the fact that the highest proportion of coffee consumption within Europe is in the Scandinavian countries, followed by the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg; it would therefore be efficient to establish the company in Rotterdam. This allows for a relatively central base with strong ties to other European countries to import/export and transport the coffee. As a company we would like to do business as sustainably and fairly as possible. Due to fair trade, we would like to help our suppliers by giving them the opportunity to produce at reasonable costs and also help ourselves by selling the coffee at reasonable prices. Fair trade also includes an educating sytem for our employees and people related to the company, such as coffeefarmers and even consumers. This system is used to prove that honest and good quality products do not need to be expensive. With this in mind there it can create a positive effect in our products which will be of benefit to everyone. The coffee will be produced and exported from Brazil to the Netherlands. Brazil was chosen due to the fact it is one of the best places in the world where coffeebeans are produced in relatively environmentally friendly circumstances. Indonesia, India, Kenia, Liberia and Mexico were further alternatives for CoffeeTime. However Brazil was chosen as it is single-handedly responsible for about a third of all the coffee in the world, as it is worlds largest coffee producer. Furthermore, there is already a Fairtrade policy applied in that area of South America by many companies, which is still ongoing and can be of benefit for the objectives of our own company. Another reason why it is attractive to do business in Brazil, is because of the logistics. Brazil has the largest port of all South America, named Port of Santos. From there on the coffee can be shipped easily to the biggest port in Europe, situated in Rotterdam where CoffeeTime have decided to establish the company. This can be seen as an advantage for both countries due to having innovation hubs. CoffeeTime wants to produce and sell the most popular coffee known on the target market; The Arabica and Robusta. However, each one of those beans can be used to provide different flavours of coffee, depending on the several techniques that are used for making coffee. 1.2 Mission and vision 1.2.1 Mission Throughout all of our business activities we want to ensure honest dealing with customers and suppliers while offering impartial advice to become the best sustainable Coffee chain. We want to use our market position of CoffeeTime to benefit our customers by offering a world class coffee experience at an affordable price. 1.2.2 Vision Treating eachother fairly can help maintaining a good relationship. CoffeeTime believes in creating an alternative way of helping the world right now and always in the future, by doing fair business from farmer to consumer. 1.3 Corporate Objectives The objectives which we stand for are related to our mission and vision as well as to benefit all stakeholders, by providing a sustainable coffee market, now and in the future; †¢ Become a leading coffee brand in order to change the market and influence Non- Fair trade coffee multinationals to go produce fairly. †¢ Focussing on improving the environmental, social and economic conditions, as well as protecting and improving the natural environment and insuring the labour rights and health of local communities. †¢ Branding CoffeeTime as a sustainable organic, Fair trade coffee brand on the market. 1.4 Keys to Success CoffeeTime has to realise that succes can only be achieved by being the best in what you do. After all, coffee is a resource intensive industry. It takes an incredible amount of energy to produce, transport, roast, deliver and brew coffee. Committed to preventing an ecological footprint, CoffeeTime will continuously strive to find new ways to restrict the impact on the environment, from production to consumption. Therefore it is of upmost importance for CoffeeTime to invest in the following: †¢ Provide an education for the farmers to help them at produce the coffee in a more optimised way. †¢ To have and keep a fair price for the coffee for everyone. †¢ To keep providing the best quality coffee. †¢ Make sure that every aspect of the product is produced in an eco-friendly way. For example, the packaging should be recycled so it can be reused wherever possible. †¢ To have good transportation by sea with providing the least harm to the enivronment due to fuel of the ship etc. †¢ Chapter 2 Product and services 2.1 Product and service description CoffeeTime will import from Brazil the finest selection of Arabica beans. In simple terms this means; Arabica is cultivated in the shade and Robusta is not. The culture of the Robusta beans are a dispensation in the culture of the traditional coffee in which coffee is cultivated under the cover of the native rain forest trees. In the 70s, a system of new farm was promoted but the result was that we’ve seen shaved forests and coffee trees planted in dense rows. These short-term farms of monoculture produced more coffee, but it had a number consequences for the environment, with soil depletion, accelerated erosion and pollution of streams. From here out CoffeeTime will produce a number of different flavours, such as extra strong, strong, regular, decaf etc. Producers are forced not to overuse pesticides or insecticides. In fact, 70% of Fair Trade products come from organic agriculture. This approach to sustainable development is supported by the explicit prohibition of the use of GMOs in products. Part of the price paid by the final customer represents a premium (between 5 and 10% of the price paid by the consumer). The latter is used collectively for social projects of various natures that benefit not only small farmers but also their families and the environment. The cooperative may decide to invest in a training program on organic farming, build a school or hospital, to restore a drive or set up a transport service. 2.2 Competitive Comparison The four major roasters Kraft, Nestlà ©, Procter Gamble and Sara Lee have little reflected this decline but profit margins remain high: Nestlà © makes a margin estimated at 26% of the instant coffee. The benefits of Sara Lee’s coffee are estimated at almost 17%, which represents a very high figure compared to other brands of food and drinks. 2.3 Sales Literature If people are sensitive to the approach and initiative, they will adhere to it quite naturally. The Sales aim is to target the niche market and to propose to our clients a wider offer which also corresponds to both modes of consumption in different social classes. Additionally, by selling our products we will not only provide a flavoursome product, but also inform customers about the product itself and how it is made. In Brazil, the production of coffee will not harm the environment ,(organic, wild harvest, farming) and it is important for our customers to know this . This method will therefore allow the customers of CoffeeTime to be involved in the process and feel valued as a consequence. The import of coffee from Brazil will be done in the most direct way possible to avoid costly middlemen, allowing to better pay artisans and producers. 2.4 Sourcing and fulfilment Part of the price paid by the final customer represents a premium (between 5 and 10% of the price paid by the consumer). The latter is used collectively for social projects of various natures that benefit not only small farmers but also their families and the environment. The cooperative may decide to invest in a training program on organic farming, build a school or hospital, to restore a drive or set up a transport service. 2.5 Technology The technology used by the company will include the use of partially automated selecting machines which will allow for increased production capacity with a lower machine-to-operator. Additional storage capabilities will decrease shipping charges and will reduce the need for permanent shipping employees. High-technology information system upgrades will improve all aspects of business, especially inventory control, tracking of shipments, and communication with clients in import and export countries. 2.6 Future Products and Services In the future CoffeeTime will develop and produce a number of different types and flavours of coffee. In addition to Arabica and Robusta, we will also import from Liberia the Liberica coffee. The Coffee Liberica tree grows up to 9 metres in height, producing larger cherries than those found on Coffea Arabica trees. This coffee was brought to Indonesia to replace the Arabica trees killed by the coffee rust disease at the end of the 19th century. It can still be found in parts of Central and East Java today.The Liberica coffee will also be produced in different strengths and varieties of coffee. Chapter 3 Market Analysis Summary 3.1 Market research According to the Daily Dutch News, the Netherlands is one of the countries with the highest coffee consumption in the world. The Dutch are also world leader in sustainable coffee drinking. About half of the consumed coffee is sustainable. On the average the Dutch drink almost 150 litres of coffee per year and about three cups a day. The branded coffee shop market in the Netherlands saw a growth of 27 per cent in outlet numbers in October 2011. The market forecasts a growth of 13 per cent per annum until 2014. We see a huge advantage in the Dutch coffee market. There is a huge demand for our sustainable coffee and CoffeeTime would like to satisfy this need. However, there are a number of competitors in the market such as the Dutch market leader Douwe Egberts.[1] 2 3.2 Market targets As a company who sells coffee, the main target audience of CoffeeTime are coffee consumers and consumers of warm drinks. Considering that coffee is not suitable for children, our target group consists from young adults (age 18) to the elderly (everyone above 18). There are many under aged Dutch citizens who also drink coffee, but as coffee is actually meant for adults it will be also treated and promoted by our company as such. Coffee is a product which is drunk by all genders and classes and in all work fields. In fact, the majority of our target group drinks coffee during work. Most consumers still buy their coffee in supermarkets, therefore is it important that our coffee is available in supermarkets such as; Albert Hein, Plus, C1000 and Bas van der Heiden. 3 3.3 Environmental/ industry analysis When sustainable coffee was introduced, the average consumer had a vague notion that the quality of sustainable products was acceptable. When companies started to offer it the Dutch consumers went along with the choice of the companies, rewarding them by remaining faithful to their brand. In recent years, the sustainable coffee market share in the Netherlands has risen rapidly. Nearly half of the consumed coffee in the Netherlands is produced in a sustainable way. According to the report Zuivere Koffie (Pure Coffee) from Oxfam Novib, 45% of all coffee which is consumed by the Dutch people is sustainably produced. 40% of all coffee in the Netherlands is UTZ CERTIFIED.[2] Sustainability is important in the Dutch coffee market. Many players of the sector, roasters, supermarkets, but also NGOs and the Dutch government have been long working together on raising consumer awareness and increasing the share of sustainably produced coffee. The Royal Netherlands Coffee and Tea Association (KNVKT) decided to give a collective boost to move towards sustainability. They are doing this by consolidating their commitment in a Declaration of Intent. The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Agriculture, several semi-governmental platforms, certifiers, sustainability initiatives and NGOs including UTZ CERTIFIED do support this. It is expected that three quarters of the Dutch coffee supply will be sustainable by 2015. [3]

Words of Wisdom in the Holy Bible :: essays research papers

C: RELY ON GODS RESOURCES His Sprit I cor 3:16 Don't you know that you yourselves are God's temple and that God's Spirit lives in you? I cor 2:12 We have not received the spirit of the world but the Spirit who is from God, that we may understand what God has freely given us. His Strength Isiah 41:10 So do not fear, for I am with you; do not be dismayed, for I am your God. I will strengthen you and help you; I will uphold you with my righteous right hand. Phil 4:13 I can do everything through him who gives me strength His Faithfulness Lam 3:22-23 Because of the LORD's great love we are not consumed, for his compassions never fail. They are new every morning; great is your faithfulness. Numbers 23:19 God is not a man, that he should lie, nor a son of man, that he should change his mind. Does he speak and then not act? Does he promise and not fulfill? His Peace Isiah 26:3 You will keep in perfect peace him whose mind is steadfast, because he trusts in you I Peter 5:7 Cast all your anxiety on him because he cares for you. His Provision Romans 8:32 He who did not spare his own Son, but gave him up for us all--how will he not also, along with him, graciously give us all things? Phil 4:19 And my God will meet all your needs according to his glorious riches in Christ Jesus His Help In Temptation Psalm 119:9,11 How can a young man keep his way pure? By living according to your word.I have hidden your word in my heart that I might not sin against you. Heb 2:18 Because he himself suffered when he was tempted, he is able to help those who are being tempted. D: BE CHRISTS DESCIPLE Put Christ First Matt 6:33 But seek first his kingdom and his righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well. Luke 9:23 Then he said to them all: "If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross daily and follow me. Separate From World I John 2:15-16 Do not love the world or anything in the world. If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him. For everything in the world--the cravings of sinful man, the lust of his eyes and the boasting of what he has and does--comes not from the Father but from the world. Romans 12:2 Do not conform any longer to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind.

Homeschooling Pros and Cons Essay -- Home School Education Essays

Homeschooling Pros and Cons Homeschooling is a rising alternative in children’s education. As with any other major movement there have been doubts and debates as well as support and promotion for this educational approach. Homeschooling was once the norm in society before there was a public school system. But the parents involved in homeschooling feel very strongly about the positive outcomes that it has brought about in the lives and success of their children. It has once again surfaced and become popular but there are several people who question the possible negative effects this option creates. Criticism of homeschooling is vast and there are several different aspects as to why it could be detrimental to the development of a child. One such argument is that experiences of diversity are lost when students are taught in the home. They have lost the opportunity to work with peers of varying culture and social statuses in an academic environment. Such experiences are essential preparation for social and professional life outside the home. Without this training at an early age they may be at a disadvantage when forced to go out into the work force. Another reason why some people disapprove of homeschooling is that since the parents can design what is taught their children only are exposed to the parents’ views. This results in the children having limits on their ability to form their own views and ultimately forming their own unique personality and values. Also to be considered is lack of work ethic built through a structured school setting. The discipline that is learned will be used later on to maintain a steady job and allows them to become accustomed to the rigidity of professional industry. Also in the classroom children ... ...November 23, 2003, from EBSCOhost on the World Wide Web: http://search.epnet.com Ray, B. (2002). Customization through homeschooling. Educational Leadership 59(7), 50-55. Retrieved November 23, 2003, from EBSCOhost on the World Wide Web: http://search.epnet.com Reich, R. (2002). The civic perils of homeschooling. Educational Leadership 59(7), 56-60. Retrieved November 23, 2003, from EBSCOhost on the World Wide Web: http://search.epnet.com Staehle, D (2000). Taking a different path: A mother’s reflection on homeschooling. Roeper Review 22(4), 270-272. Retrieved November 23, 2003, from EBSCOhost on the World Wide Web: http://search.epnet.com Wichers, M. (2001). Homeschooling: Adventitious or detrimental for proficiency in higher education. Education 122(1), 145-151. Retrieved November 23, 2003, from EBSCOhost on the World Wide Web: http://search.epnet.com

Moore Medical Corporation

Q1.   Today people start new business ventures with different expectations than it was to be in the past.   As many techniques, ways and means of dealing with customers have also changed.   The new technology to many people has brought a lot of significant changes in the global business environment.   All the business sectors including private and government sectors are currently doing reengineering on how businesses are operated.   This is happening because of the new information and communication technologies.   Different companies are coming up with various types of new information system.   . For the case of Moore Medical co-operation the customer relationship management software may be purchased to meet its objectives.   What is important for the success of any organization is whether its objectives are met in the long run.   The problem Moore is facing is to find a new technology to service its customers better, to generate new business and to give employees the tools to handle a growing number of customer communications, more efficiently and effectively. I therefore suggest that the customer relations management software (CRM) or technology will ensure that customers are served well.   Production will never be high if customers are not served well or attracted.   The way customers are handled will determine the success of the business. The CRM technology will therefore improve customer interaction consistence between the economy and its customers. Q2.   Most companies have failed to realize the finical benefits because of poor financial evaluation of what is being purchased.   Financial evaluation comprise of knowing the value of what is being purchased.   Disappointing results have been gotten because the cost of installing most of the new technologies are highly than the benefits that it will create at the end of the financial year. Financial benefits of any item can be evaluated. For example Moore medical cooperation can assess its financial benefits of the proposed technology.   One way is by analyzing the number of customers that are making orders using the new technology.   If the number of customers using the new technology is high then the new technology introduced is favorable to the company.   Another way through which the financial benefits can be assed is by comparing the installation cost, training cost, implementation cost with the sales that is obtained from the use of the new technology. It is obvious that implementation of the software’s will need some money.   Those who will be at the customer service department will also be trained.   So any cost associated with the introduction of the new system should be recorded down then compared with the sales obtained after the new system has been put into place.   This will determine if the company will be making profits or losses as a result of introducing the new technology. Q3.The success of any business or organization will depend on it quality of customer service skills employees working in customer service department possess.   Moore Medical Corporation has not been left behind.   The company is considering purchasing customer relationship management software with an objective of improving the ways of responding to customer desires. The CRM software will ensue that customer orders are not delayed.   The new technology (CRM) to Moore would increase or attract more customers and even maintain and keep the already existing ones. The number of customers a company serves normally determines the sales that the company will get.   Production rate would also increase by fixing the new technology in the system The new information and communication technology has changed the way businesses are done in the business environment.   Customers nowadays want maximum satisfaction from the company managers and front-line employees serving them.   Without new IT there is nothing that can be improved in any organization.   Performance and quality of products in any organization will only increase if the use of new information technology is implemented.   Goods will be delivered in time, customers will be served effectively and efficiently ensuring that they are fully satisfied.   New business and products have also been created in the environment as a result of the introduction of the new technology. Among the business needs Moore is hoping to address with this new information technology include the following.   They want to improve sales forecasting.   They also want to reduce the number of sales representatives and reduce time to attend to customers.   The new information will also increase the accuracy and accessibility of the information obtained from customers.   The other business needs that will be addressed by the new technology are to increase rep effectiveness and efficiency and finally to increase the customer interaction consistency among all representatives by increasing company control and manner of customer interaction. Q4.Training is one of the most business practices that any company should do whenever any new technology is introduced in a company.   All organization members need training to acquire new skills and knowledge for the production to be increased and effective. Training should provide essential information on the department / program. If the company uses new technology, the supervisor of that particular company needs to train the employees on how to use the software introduced. For the case of Moore medical cooperation, training its customer’s service representation on how to use the information technology that is the customer relations management software was ignored.   For example it was realized that the customers service representative found the order entry system in J.D. Edwards difficult to use in comparison to their old system.   The new account set up process within J.D Edwards also added time to customer calls.   It therefore means that customer needs and interest would be lowered.   When the way they are served is sluggish then there is a possibility that the company may lose them. Effective communication is another area where the Moore Company has failed to adopt.   Actually when changes are created in an organization, the management or human resource manager should ensure that the change is communicated to all the groups served by the organization (Satzinger, 2004). Effective communication is one of the key issues that the organization should know about its customers.   All members in any organization including employees, customers and suppliers have different cultural background.   The Moore should therefore consider the customers’ practices, likes, interest, belief and values.   After considering all these elements of culture the organization will then be in a position of making a good decision whether the new technology will work or fail.   In short the Moore manager should know about the cultural background of its customers to identify whether they will like the new technology created (Satzinger, 2004). Q5.The use of the new information and communication technology has created numerous changes in the global market and in companies dealing in electronic commerce.   New businesses have been created in the environment while old ones have been transformed. New business models have been formed that would that would have been unthinkable for years back.   However there are advantages and disadvantages that have resulted from the introduction of computer software. Moore move into E-commerce with an intention of improving customer service might result into same advantages and disadvantages.   For first the advantages are numerous.   If properly implemented the new system will automatically serve its customers better.   By improving customer Service, it means that the sales and production will also increase. Production in any organization will be determined by the number of customers it serves.   If more customers are attracted then it means that the profit or the financial benefits that the company wants to achieve will also be high.   The CRM software will therefore help Moore cooperation to realize high financial benefits. Service delivery by increasing the number of orders taken from customers will also increase While the advantages are visible, there are some negative outcomes that Moore might get by moving into E-commerce.   Culture of the customers might actually influence and determine whether the new system will be successful or not.   Some customer may refuse to make orders using the new system introduced in the organization.   This may lead to the failure of the system leading to a big loss to the company.   When customers refuse to use the new system then they will be lost leading to decreased sales. Customers might refuse to use the new system just may be because they are no informed in time or poor communication.   They may also just refuse due to differences in cultural background.   Therefore this is an important factor that might lead to the failure of the new system. The cost of implementation may also be too high for the company to realize the financial benefits it wants to meet.   It might decide to use the new system without financial evaluation, which is very important.   This may also lead to the failure of the company. Reference Sat Zinger, J. (2004). Systems analysis and Design in a changing world.   London: Thompson publishers.

Lewis and Clark Expedition Timeline

Lewis and Clark Expedition Timeline The expedition to explore the West led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark was an early indication of Americas move toward westward expansion and the concept of Manifest Destiny. Though its widely assumed that Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the land of the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson had actually harbored plans to explore the West for years. The reasons for the Lewis and Clark Expedition were more complicated, but planning for the expedition actually began before the great land purchase had even happened. Preparations for the expedition took a year, and the actual journey westward and back took roughly two years. This timeline provides some highlights of the legendary voyage. April 1803 Meriwether Lewis traveled to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, to meet with surveyor Andrew Ellicott, who taught him to use astronomical instruments to plot positions. During the planned expedition to the West, Lewis would use the sextant and other tools to chart his position. Ellicott was a noted surveyor, and had earlier surveyed the boundaries for the District of Columbia. Jefferson sending Lewis to study with Ellicott indicates the serious planning Jefferson put into the expedition. May 1803 Lewis stayed in Philadelphia to study with Jeffersons friend, Dr. Benjamin Rush. The physician gave Lewis some instruction in medicine, and other experts taught him what they could about zoology, botany, and the natural sciences. The purpose was to prepare Lewis to make scientific observations while crossing the continent. July 4, 1803 Jefferson officially gave Lewis his orders on the Fourth of July. July 1803 At Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), Lewis visited the US Armory and obtained muskets and other supplies to use on the journey. August 1803 Lewis had designed a 55-foot long keelboat which was constructed in western Pennsylvania. He took possession of the boat, and began a journey down the Ohio River. October - November 1803 Lewis met up with his former U.S. Army colleague William Clark, whom he has recruited to share command of the expedition. They also met with other men who volunteered for the expedition, and began forming what would be known as Corps of Discovery. One man on the expedition was not a volunteer: a slave named York who belonged to William Clark. December 1803 Lewis and Clark decided to stay in the vicinity of St. Louis through the winter. They used the time stocking up on supplies. 1804: In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition got underway, setting out from St. Louis to travel up the Missouri River. The leaders of the expedition began keeping journals recording important events, so its possible to account for their movements. May 14, 1804 The voyage officially began when Clark led the men, in three boats, up the Missouri River to a French village. They waited for Meriwether Lewis, who caught up to them after attending some final business in St. Louis. July 4, 1804 The Corps of Discovery celebrated Independence Day in the vicinity of present-day Atchison, Kansas. The small cannon on the keelboat was fired to mark the occasion, and a ration of whiskey was dispensed to the men. August 2, 1804 Lewis and Clark held a meeting with Indian chiefs in present day Nebraska. They gave the Indians peace medals which had been struck at the direction of President  Thomas Jefferson. August 20, 1804 A member of the expedition, Sergeant Charles Floyd, became ill, probably with appendicitis. He died and was buried on a high bluff over the river in what is now Sioux City, Iowa. Remarkably, Sergeant Floyd would be the only member of the Corps of Discovery to die during the two-year expedition August 30, 1804 In South Dakota a council was held with the Yankton Sioux. Peace medals were distributed to the Indians, who celebrated the appearance of the expedition. September 24, 1804 Near present-day Pierre, South Dakota, Lewis and Clark met with the Lakota Sioux. The situation became tense but a dangerous confrontation was averted. October 26, 1804 The Corps of Discovery reached a village of the Mandan Indians. The Mandans lived in lodges made of earth, and Lewis and Clark decided to stay near the friendly Indians throughout the oncoming winter. November 1804 Work began on the winter camp. And two vitally important people joined the expedition, a French trapper named Toussaint Charbonneau and his wife Sacagawea, an Indian of the Shoshone tribe. December 25, 1804 In the bitter cold of a South Dakota winter, the Corps of Discovery celebrated Christmas day. Alcoholic drinks were allowed, and rations of rum were served. 1805: January 1, 1805 The Corps of Discovery celebrated New Years Day by firing the cannon on the keelboat. The journal of the expedition noted that 16 men danced for the amusement of the Indians, who enjoyed the performance immensely. The Mandans gave the dancers several buffalo robes and quantities of corn to show appreciation. February 11, 1805 Sacagawea gave birth to a son, Jean-Baptiste Charbonneau. April 1805 Packages were prepared to send back to President  Thomas Jefferson  with a small return party. The packages contained such items as a Mandan robe, a live prairie dog (which survived the trip to the east coast), animal pelts, and plant samples. This was the only time the expedition could send back any communication until its eventual return. April 7, 1805 The small return party set off back down the river toward St. Louis. The remainder resumed the journey westward. April 29, 1805 A member of the Corps of Discovery shot and killed a grizzly bear, which had chased him. The men would develop a respect and fear for grizzlies. May 11, 1805 Meriwether Lewis, in his journal, described another encounter with a grizzly bear. He mentioned how the formidable bears were very difficult to kill. May 26, 1805 Lewis saw the Rocky Mountains for the first time. June 3, 1805 The men came to a fork in the Missouri River, and it was unclear which fork should be followed. A scouting party went out and determined that the south fork was the river and not a tributary. They judged correctly; the north fork is actually the Marias River. June 17, 1805 The Great Falls of the Missouri River were encountered. The men could no longer proceed by boat, but had to portage, carrying a boat across land. The travel at this point was extremely difficult. July 4, 1805 The Corps of Discovery marked Independence Day by drinking the last of their alcohol. The men had been trying to assemble a collapsible boat which theyd brought from St. Louis. But in the following days they could not make it watertight and the boat was abandoned. They planned to construct canoes to continue the journey. August 1805 Lewis intended to find the Shoshone Indians. He believed they had horses and hoped to barter for some. August 12, 1805 Lewis reached the Lemhi Pass, in the Rocky Mountains. From the Continental Divide Lewis could look to the West, and he was greatly disappointed to see mountains stretching as far as he can see. He had been hoping to find a descending slope, and perhaps a river, that the men could take for an easy passage westward. It became clear that reaching the Pacific Ocean would be very difficult. August 13, 1805 Lewis encountered Shosone Indians. The Corps of Discovery was split at this point, with Clark leading a larger group. When Clark did not arrive at a rendezvous point as planned, Lewis was worried, and sent search parties out for him. Finally Clark and the other men arrived, and the Corps of Discovery was united. The Shoshone rounded up horses for the men to use on their way westward. September 1805 The Corps of Discovery encountered very rough terrain in the Rocky Mountains, and their passage was difficult. They finally emerged from the mountains and encountered Nez Perce Indians. The Nez Perce helped them build canoes, and they began to travel again by water. October 1805 The expedition moved fairly quickly by canoe, and the Corps of Discovery entered the Columbia River. November 1805 In his journal, Meriwether Lewis mentioned encountering Indians wearing sailors jackets. The clothing, obviously obtained through trade with whites, meant they were getting close to the Pacific Ocean. November 15, 1805 The expedition reached the Pacific Ocean. On November 16, Lewis mentioned in his journal that their camp is in full view of the ocean. December 1805 The Corps of Discovery settled into winter quarters in a place where they can hunt elk for food. In the journals of the expedition, there was much complaining about the constant rain and poor food. On Christmas Day the men celebrated as best they could, in what must have been miserable conditions. 1806: As spring came, the Corps of Discovery made preparations to begin traveling back toward to the East, to the young nation they had left behind nearly two years earlier. March 23, 1806: Canoes Into the Water In late March the Corps of Discovery put its canoes into the Columbia River and began the journey eastward. April 1806: Moving Eastward Quickly The men traveled along in their canoes, occasionally having to portage, or carry the canoes overland, when they came to difficult rapids. Despite the difficulties, they tended to move quickly, encountering friendly Indians along the way. May 9, 1806: Reunion With the Nez Perce The Corps of Discovery met up again with the Nez Perce Indians, who had kept the expeditions horses healthy and fed throughout the winter. May 1806: Forced to Wait The expedition was forced to stay among the Nez Perce for a few weeks while waiting for the snow to melt in the mountains ahead of them. June 1806: Travel Resumed The Corps of Discovery got underway again, setting off to cross the mountains. When they encountered snow that was 10 to 15 feet deep, they turned back. At the end of June, they once again set off to travel eastward, this time taking three Nez Perce guides along to help them navigate the mountains. July 3, 1806: Splitting the Expedition Having successfully crossed the mountains, Lewis and Clark decided to split the Corps of Discovery so they can accomplish more scouting and perhaps find other mountain passes. Lewis would follow the Missouri River, and Clark would follow the Yellowstone until it met up with the Missouri. The two groups would then reunite. July 1806: Finding Ruined Scientific Samples Lewis found a cache of material he had left previous year, and discovered that some of his scientific samples had been ruined by moisture. July 15, 1806: Fighting a Grizzly While exploring with a small party, Lewis was attacked by a grizzly bear. In a desperate encounter, fought it off by breaking his musket over the bears head and then climbing a tree. July 25, 1806: A Scientific Discovery Clark, exploring separately from Lewiss party, found a dinosaur skeleton. July 26, 1806: Escape From the Blackfeet Lewis and his men met up with some Blackfeet warriors, and they all camped together. The Indians attempted to steal some rifles, and, in a confrontation that turned violent, one Indian was killed and another possibly wounded. Lewis rallied the men and had them travel quickly, covering nearly 100 miles by horseback as they fear retaliation from the Blackfeet. August 12, 1806: The Expedition Reunites Lewis and Clark reunited along the Missouri River, in present-day North Dakota. August 17, 1806: Farewell to Sacagawea At a Hidatsa Indian village, the expedition paid Charbonneau, the French trapper who had accompanied them for nearly two years, his wages of $500. Lewis and Clark said their goodbyes to Charbonneau, his wife Sacagawea, and her son, who had been born on the expedition a year and a half earlier. August 30, 1806: Confrontation With the Sioux The Corps of Discovery was confronted by a band of nearly 100 Sioux warriors. Clark communicated with them and told them the men will kill any Sioux who approaches their camp. September 23, 1806: Celebration in St. Louis The expedition arrived back at St. Louis. The townspeople stood on the riverbank and cheered their return. Legacy of Lewis and Clark The Lewis and Clark Expedition did not directly lead to settlement in the West. In some ways, efforts like the settlement of the trading post at Astoria (in present-day Oregon) were more important. And it wasnt until the Oregon Trail became popular, decades later, that large numbers of settlers began moving into the Pacific Northwest. It would not be until the administration of James K. Polk that much of the territory in the Northwest crossed by Lewis and Clark would officially became part of the United States. And it would take the California Gold Rush to truly popularize the rush to the West Coast. Yet the Lewis and Clark expedition provided valuable information about the vest stretches of prairies and mountain ranges between the Mississippi and the Pacific.

Sarah Baartman essay Essays

Sarah Baartman essay Essays Sarah Baartman essay Paper Sarah Baartman essay Paper The San, who were a hunting ND foraging people, did not believe in ownership, as lived off the land. The Shook who were nomadic herders did believe in possession and had herds of cattle and sheep, but because they were nomadic, this meant they had land of their own (although others Shook clans could get permission from the local chiefs to use their resources). The Europeans (Dutch) did however believe in private land ownership. Where the Dutch believed in private land ownership and Isakson did not, this led to conflicts between the two groups, because the land that was granted to the free burghers (historical German title acquired by family descendants of the ruling class in German speaking towns) and Hugeness was land used by the shook for cattle grazing and furthermore this put a limitation to water access, and the wild animals that were hunted by the Isakson were rapidly becoming scarce. The difference between the Dutch and Isakson were shown in Sarah Barmans life was by the fact that she was sold as a slave to a Dutch framer, where no more was she free but rather property owned. This showed the vast difference between the two groups. The Isakson believed in a supreme being who controlled over their daily life ND elements of the environment. This god was worshipped through rituals and small sacrifices. In counterpart to this god there was an evil deity they believed in, that brought about illness death and misfortune to the world. This difference between good and evil overlapped other areas of the Isakson life. Dance was an important part of their culture and it altered in states of consciousness to gain information on how to heal people or a remedy to a social evil. The sun and moon were also aspects of the supreme deity, as full and new moons were important for rites and dancing. One could say that the Isakson were a very superstitious group of people. Holland during this time was undergoing the protestant reformation meaning the Dutch were moving away from Catholicism and into Protestantism were faith and the practice of Protestantism are founded on the principles of the reformation, especially in acceptance of the bible as the solo source of revelation, in justification by faith alone and in all universal hood of all the believers. [www. Defenestration. Mom/protestant] Barmans life once she was in Europe after being sold to Alexander Dunlop showed the huge difference teen the Isakson and Dutch, to the Shook dance was very important them, but Dutch use their traditions via Sarah Barman for entertainment. The Dutch also disregard what was not Christianity as savage and uncivilized. Were the Isakson respected all people and the Dutch said they did (because it Was the bible they followed) they contradicted themselves by not respecting Sarah Barmans humanity. E ke said in the previous paragraph the Isakson respected all people believed that everyone was equal, and that they were no more important than the earth nor the animals. There is evidence that within their own society as they respected those above them in both society and authority. Though it is also evidently clear that the Dutch did not share the same view with the Isakson that all people were equal, as they saw no problem with killing the Isakson at their will, and as it came to Jan Van Ribbed saw no fault in having them stuffed and displaying in his homes as decoration. This clearly states the immense difference between the Dutch and Isakson. It is evident with Sarah Barman, where in the Isakson society she was respected and treated equally and in Europe she was given no respect what-so-ever and displayed for other peoples interests, because her anatomy was different to women in Europe (she had overly large genitals). She was exhibited like an animal; this stated exactly what the Europeans thought of Africa (they were backward uncivilized and backwards). Within the Dutch community there were both women respected and disrespected. Those that were respected tended to be the wives that stayed at home, looked after the children, kept the household in order and the husband happy. The ones that were disrespected were prostitute and brittle- aids. Repeating again that Isakson woman where on the same par as the men. They were treated and respected in the same manner. Sarah Barman is an example of the vast different between the novo groups. Where she was once respected and accepted, she was no discriminated, exploited and once the Europeans were done with her she was forced prostitution and alcoholism, this leading her to dying from sexual transmitted diseases on a street in Paris. From here on her skeleton and the parts the Europeans were interested in were preserved and kept in the Muse De loomed in pairs. The European social structure was followed upon the great chain of being, which meant those with status and wealth dominated society and man dominated above animals and the earth. God was above all of this and the animals were below the human. Servants were lowest level for the humans. It was eve rear for a person to move out of their positions in this hierarchical society. The San were opposite to this, due to being the hunter-gather society every person within the clan were on equal levels. The Shook were similar to the Dutch, by the fact that they were also hierarchal society were the loathe had servants. The onl y different was that their servants were in the formed of labor were they were paid and allowed to move out of the position of servitude. Sarah Barman express this difference to a substantial degree because once she Was in the Europeans possession, she was never able to leave her servitude position. Where within the Shook community she would have. There was a great difference between the Dutch and Isakson when it comes to their entertainment. Within the Isakson culture their entertainment came from oral traditions, dances and other physical activities. The Isakson entertained for the up lifetimes of the entire society.

Background Information Of Albert Camus English Literature Essays

Background Information Of Albert Camus English Literature Essays Background Information Of Albert Camus English Literature Essay Background Information Of Albert Camus English Literature Essay Albert Camus novel, The Stranger, undertakings his ain position and positions about life personified by the supporter Meursault who is similar to him yet different in many facets based on his character and behaviour. Yara F. Sayah IB1 Antonine International School Ajaltoun Ms. Maya G. El Zoghby January 13-14, 2011 Outline: Introduction Background Information of Albert Camus: -Personal and Education -Death Major Plants Plaies Awards/Prices Manner of Hagiographas Comparison between Albert Camus and Meursault and the relationship between both of them Quotation marks Citations Introduction: You will neer be happy if you continue to seek for what felicity consists ofaˆÂ ¦You will neer populate if you are looking for the significance of lifeaˆÂ ¦ Does nt this quote remind you of a celebrated Gallic author and philosopher? My name is Yara Sayah and I have the pleasance of presenting a celebrated Gallic author and philosopher whose Hagiographas have surely affected my life positively and I hope that following my presentation, you will be inspired to read his Hagiographas. And I wish your life will be positively affected every bit good. In the undermentioned talk, I will be presenting, comparing and contrasting Albert Camus with the supporter of his novel, Meursault, trusting to cast the visible radiation on the relationship between both of them. Background information of Albert Camus: -Personal and instruction: Albert Camus was born in Mondovi, in Algeria, in a on the job category household in 1913. His female parent, Catherine Helene Sintes, came from a household of Spanish beginnings. She was an illiterate cleansing adult female. His male parent, Lucien Auguste Camus worked as an agricultural labourer and died in 1914, after the conflict of the Mane. When his male parent died, Camus was less than a twelvemonth old. In 1923, Camus won a scholarship to the secondary school in Algiers. He studied at that place from 1924 to 1932. Tuberculosis put an terminal to Camus s athletic activities, and this disease troubled him for the remainder of his life! Camus held different occupations in Algiers between the old ages 1935 and 1939. He joined the Communist Party, but his involvement in the plants of Marx and of Engels was to a certain extent superficial. The most of import authors harmonizing to him were Andre Gide and Andre Malraux. In 1936, Camus received his sheepskin of advanced surveies in doctrine in the University of Algiers. He made his first visit to Europe to retrieve his wellness. Camus was active in theatre while his repute of taking writer was turning in Algeria. In 1938, he moved to France. The following twelvemonth, he divorced his first married woman, Simone Hie, who was a morphine nut. He worked for the Alger-Republican from 1938 to 1940. He so married Francine Faure, a piano player and a mathematician. He worked as a reader and editor of Espoir series at Gallimard publishing house in 1943. Camus spent some clip in New York in 1946.He worked as a journalist for lExpress from 1955 to 1956. Camus was be aftering to compose a novel about turning up in Algeria and to direct a theatre of his ain, at the clip of his decease. His unfinished novel, La mort heureuse published in 1970, was written between the old ages 1936-1938. It presented him, or Patrick Meursault, seeking his felicity from Prague to his hometown in Algiers. To gain money, Camus used to take uneven occupations like an helper, a private coach, etc. -Death: On January 4 1960, Camus died at the age of 46, in a auto accident. In his coat pocket was found a train ticket. He had planned to go with his married woman and duplicate kids, Catherine and Jean. The driver of the auto Michel Gallimard his publishing house and close friend, besides died with him in the auto accident. Camus was buried in the Lourmarin graveyard in France. Major plants: Lenvers et lendroit in 1937, the first book of Albert Camus, written at the age of 22 was a aggregation of essays. He dedicated it to Jean Grenier his doctrine instructor. The alien his 2nd novel, foremost appeared in Algeria before the war, and so was published in 1942. Besides in 1942, Camus philosophical essay Le mythe de sisyphe appeared. Camus published his 3rd novel in 1945 La peste an fable of the Nazi business of France. He wrote Lhomme revolte in 1951, a novel that explores the theories and signifiers of humanity s rebellion against authorization. La chute was one of his major plants written from the late fiftiess. This book was published in 1956. In Le Prime Minister homme , published in 1994, Camus charted his secondary school old ages, and the history of his household. The manuscript was found in the auto in which he died. Plaies: Caligula, performed in 1945 and written in 1938. Requiem for a Num in 1956. The misinterpretation in 1944. The State of Siege in 1948. The merely bravos in 1949. The possessed in 1959. Awards/ Prizes: Camus won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1957. Manner of Hagiographas: Camus gained acknowledgment as a major literary figure because of his vigorous, energetic, dynamic, limpid manner of authorship. Comparison between Albert Camus and Meursault and the relationship between both of them: Camus and Meursault were in working category household Camus was one of the taking authors of the Gallic opposition and editor of an belowground newspaper during World War II. And after World War II, people lived the manner Meursault was populating. They did nt hold any hopes and their lone chief end was survival. Camus lived through the World War II and must hold been affected by the decease of the 1000000s of people, and that may be why he wrote that Meursault killed the Arab in such a manner. Quotation marks: The absurd is the indispensable construct and the first truth. Always travel excessively far, because that s where you ll happen the truth. I rebel ; hence I exist. But what is happiness except the simple harmoniousness between a adult male and the life he leads? Autumn is a 2nd spring when every foliage is a flower. Do non wait for the last judgement. It takes topographic point every twenty-four hours. Do nt walk behind me ; I may non take. Do nt walk in forepart of me ; I may non follow. Just walk beside me and be my friend. Citations: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus hypertext transfer protocol: //www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc40p.html hypertext transfer protocol: //nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1957/ hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stranger_ ( novel ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/a/albert_camus.html

Sociology Finance Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology Finance Project - Term Paper Example I learned what I was spending my money on. Now that I know what I am spending money on I can take corrective actions in order to lower my expenses and begin to have a budget in which each month I obtain a surplus of money. During the last two months I have kept track of my monthly expenses. I categorized my monthly expenses in the following 13 accounts: gasoline, food home, fast food, snacks & candy, school supplies, rent, utilities, insurance, hygiene products, entertainment, clothing, miscellaneous, and cellular. The average monthly expenses for the last two month are illustrated in the budget below. My monthly expenses during the last two months amount to $1300 a month. Currently my income sources to pay for those expenses are a part time job, family contributions, and money left over from a scholarship and student loans. I was amazed to find out that I spend that much money each month on my living expenses. Since I did not keep track of my expenses in the past I was never able to save money. My largest expense account is my monthly rent. In reality despite the fact that I pay $275 a month I consider that my rent expense is low in comparison with other housing options available in my region. The second largest expense I have is my utility bills which consist of electricity, water, internet, and cable. I am currently paying $225 on utilities. Food is also a major expense in my life. I subdivided my food expenses into three categories: home food, fast food, snacks & candy. I spend each month $126 on home food, $107 on fast food, and $25 on snacks & candy. The total monthly expenditure on gasoline during the last two months was $123. My entertainment expense amount to $86 a month. Some of the things that I do for entertainment are going to the movies, playing miniature golf, and playing video games at the arcade. Since I usually buy most of my clothes during Christmas season my monthly expense on clothing was only $62 a month. I do not have

Creating High Performance Organization-course Project Proposal Case Study

Creating High Performance Organization-course Project Proposal - Case Study Example This has led to online marketing channels that have caused an increase in organizational revenues. The company has online customer services and integrated collaboration with forecasting systems from customers. The company uses customized contents to delivery to the targeted audiences. This entails coordination of systems and different human factors in the entire company (Bogetoft 23). The company has invested in interface management system to deliver excellence to the clients. Web services have enabled the company to deliver an integration legacy and business process execution. I was a web administrator in the company. My role was to ensure that web hosting management systems were functional and effective. I was coordinating a team of IT experts who were had direct contacts with customers. This enabled me to assess the effectiveness of the organizational management practices and systems in the company. The company has been suffering from inadequacy in facilitating quick introduction to new services. The company has been struggling in automating business processes. The company has been emphasized on collecting information without the need to manage the content. This has caused system failures through overload. The company has suffered from late human interventions. The management lacks an understanding of the unique needs of the user groups. This has causes the management solutions to be ineffective. The management has invested in formal learning efforts as the only means of learning. Research shows that 70 percent of learning happens successfully through informal channels. The knowledge management of the organization fails to target the suppliers and customers. This has caused the company to have poor customer retention and revenue enhancement. Technological companies are faced by the challenge of rapidly changing external environments. The management has focused on external competition and environment

Telecommunications Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Telecommunications Paper - Essay Example In certain CS and BS digital broadcasts, one popular movie title is repeatedly put on air almost daily so that the users may watch the image seamlessly from the start till end whenever they want. This has contributed to the popularization of near-on-demand system. Meanwhile, it has become more important for the clients given the continuous media data can be run seamlessly from start till end, and therefore various methods to broadcast continuous media data under the division based broadcasting scheme have been studied widely. In the division based broadcasting scheme, data is divided into several segments and broadcast via multiple channels. Broadcasting the forepart of data repeatedly in a channel increases the clients’ likelihood of watching the data, and the waiting time is reduced accordingly. These methods calculate the appropriate channel bandwidths and allocate them to each channel. However, in many broadcasting systems, each channel bandwidth is fixed for the reason of transmission scheme. In case bandwidth of each channel of a broadcasting system and the bandwidth calculated in conventional techniques differ from each other, the waiting time is not reduced effectively. For instance, there are thirteen 1.79 Mbps channels called segments for terrestrial digital TV broadcasting, each four of which together broadcast a high-bit rate image while the other segment alone broadcasts a low-bit rate image (one-segment broadcasting). For digital radio broadcasting, there are eight 300 kbps segments, three of which form a channel (three-segment broadcasting), while the others are used for audio broadcast. As described above, the scheme commonly employed is the one that uses multiple channels with fixed bandwidths to broadcast one image. In this paper, a method under the division based broadcasting scheme considering the channel bandwidths has been proposed, that divides the data into several segments, so that the clients can

Cash flow Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cash flow - Coursework Example From the above hypothetical cash flow, we can see that the cash from operation $2837 million and net profit is $124 million. There is a difference between the cash generated from operating activities and net profit. It is because cash from operations includes capital expenditure, income from sales of plants, equipment and property and cash acquisitions but when we compute net profits then we deduct all the expenditures from the sales revenue. Thus the net profit and cash from operations may not always be equal. A company can earn net profit but it may earn negative cash from operations which indicate the company actually has no cash in its hand. Cash flow from operating activities can be done by using either direct method or indirect method. These methods are different from each other. In the direct method information about main elements of gross cash payments and gross cash receipts is shown as separate and the information about the receipts and payments can be gathered either from records of accounts or by adjusting the cost of sales, sales and other elements in the income statement. But on the other side in case of indirect method, profit and loss is adjusted on elements which are related to financing and investing activities and effects of noncash transactions like changes in receivables, payables, inventory, provisions, depreciation, amortisation, gains and losses in foreign currency and differed tax liabilities are also adjusted for the items (Thornton, 2012, p.15).

Advanced Obstetrics for Paramedics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advanced Obstetrics for Paramedics - Assignment Example lead to acute anemia, delay or even failure of breastfeeding, hemorrhagic shock, pituitary infarction, coagulopathy, renal failure/acute tubular necrosis, coma, prolonged hospital stay, emergency surgery or angiographic intervention, need for hysterectomy etc. In a population-based research, it has been seen that risk of PPH is 5.8% in first pregnancy whether 4-5% in a second or third time pregnancy. However, risk is more than 15% in the subsequent pregnancy. Risk of PPH and average blood loss both are greater in caesarean section operations. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) can be defined as blood loss of 500mL or even more during and at the time of childbirth. In most severe case, blood loss of 1000mL or more amount of blood loss, which can cause hemodynamic compromise. PPH can be divided in to two categories that are primary PPH and secondary PPH. Primary PPH can occur within the first 24 hours after birth where as secondary PPH can occur in between 24 hours to 6 weeks of postpartum. However, in most of the cases PPH fall under the primary PPH category  (Kapungu, Koch, Miller & Geller, n.d.). Approximately 75% of the primary PPH cases are due to ‘Uterine Atony’. Secondary PPH is due to infection or retained products of conception. In developed countries, it becomes easy to manage in hospitals but in underdeveloped and developing country urgent PPH management is necessary. Risk of PPH can be reduced by almost 50% with administering oxytocic drugs. It has been seen that routine prophylaxis can help to reduce 70% of the need of oxytocics drug to heal excessive postpartum bleeding. Oxytocin is the most preferred uterotonic among the medical practitioners. It stimulates smooth muscle tissue of the upper part of the uterus (Lalonde & others, 2013). Oxytocin helps it to contract rhythmically. It facilitates constricting blood vessels and helps in decreasing blood flow in the uterus. It is an effective and safe choice for PPH treatment. Intravenous mode of infusion is

Cash flow Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cash flow - Coursework Example From the above hypothetical cash flow, we can see that the cash from operation $2837 million and net profit is $124 million. There is a difference between the cash generated from operating activities and net profit. It is because cash from operations includes capital expenditure, income from sales of plants, equipment and property and cash acquisitions but when we compute net profits then we deduct all the expenditures from the sales revenue. Thus the net profit and cash from operations may not always be equal. A company can earn net profit but it may earn negative cash from operations which indicate the company actually has no cash in its hand. Cash flow from operating activities can be done by using either direct method or indirect method. These methods are different from each other. In the direct method information about main elements of gross cash payments and gross cash receipts is shown as separate and the information about the receipts and payments can be gathered either from records of accounts or by adjusting the cost of sales, sales and other elements in the income statement. But on the other side in case of indirect method, profit and loss is adjusted on elements which are related to financing and investing activities and effects of noncash transactions like changes in receivables, payables, inventory, provisions, depreciation, amortisation, gains and losses in foreign currency and differed tax liabilities are also adjusted for the items (Thornton, 2012, p.15).

Explain how the corporate guided market mitigates the threat of Essay

Explain how the corporate guided market mitigates the threat of under-consumption in the system of abundance - Essay Example Many people may fail to engage in consumption because they lack the necessary information about the available commodities. Therefore, by engaging in activities like branding and advertising, the potential consumers would be equipped with the information about the production, use and benefits of various commodities in the market. Through this, they would be lured to buy them thus increasing their consumption levels to match the level of production (Keynes 75). Apart from intensive marketing of the available commodities, the corporate guided market should consider reviewing the labor market. Since under consumption is attributed to low or stagnated wages, the employees should be offered higher and reasonable wages that correspond with the kind of work that they offer. This can help in empowering them to have enough income that they can use in purchasing all the available commodities in the market (Sullivan & Steven 29). After all, they are produced to be fully

Todays Changing Families Essay Example for Free

Todays Changing Families Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parents play a crucial role in almost every aspect of a child’s development, especially because they are the first people who get to teach them basic knowledge from the time of their birth. They are the ones who teach them, or at least, helped them learn, basic skills such as walking, speaking, and other things that they can use for the development of other skills. Aside from directly teaching or training them to these basic skills, the presence of the parents also contributes to the child’s emotional state. Parents who give their children their full attention would be a factor for to the child’s happiness, usually resulting to children who are generally more lively and expressive of their own feelings. The emotional state of a child is extremely important to give time to because it ripples almost to all the other areas of the child’s life. It affects the child’s motivation to do other things, including the manner by which he or she deals and intereacts with peers. Lack of proper nurturing may result in an unhappy child and may develop in other behavior problems. In recent years, depression in children, from infants to pre-schoolers, had been recognized as a clinical disorder similar to depression in adults. This can be characterized by a child’s lack of facial expression, temper problems, frequent tantrums, and other symptoms. Usually, this condition arises because of the lack of time devoted by the parents for their children. Another reason could be various family problems that can even prove to be traumatic to a child’s memory, resulting to fears and other behavior problems. Family problems are commonly attributed to conflicts between parents for different   reasons. These conflicts may develop into bigger and chronic relationship problems that could lead to divorce and separation whose unpleasant effects would fall on the child, as such problems would render the important development stages unattended to. This is to add to other traumatic experiences that the child may experience along the process. Not only quarrels between parents can affect the child’s emotional state. When both parents are working, they may not be able to spend quality time with their children. Usually working parents seeks the help of caretakers during the day which would take the place of the nurturing that should have come from the parents. There are available daycare schools that offers this services, but it is argued that the development of a child is still better handled by his or her own parents. Parents who work during the day most probably would not get to know their children well, as they are not physically involved in taking care of the child, and this proximity plays an important role in the development of their relationship. When a child is inflicted with depression, it can manifest in different ways. Usually this would come in the form of tantrums or anger, and would try to get the parents’ attention as much he or she could. The child would try harder to do get their attention when the parents do not give it already, but when they child was still not able to get the attention he or she wants, the child may give up and go to a state where the child distances himself from the parents. This is considered as the children’s defense mechanism against the possible future emotional pain that can be inflicted once the attachment grows and the parent does not give enough attention to the child. Quality time as an important factor Spending time with children is vital in order to achieve a healthy relationship between parents and their children. This will not be possible if the parents themselves are not ready to parenting life, or are just plainly immature to handle the responsibilities that being a parent entails. Raising children requires a lot of time and sacrifices for both parents and should be very well planned as part of family development. Some even consider parenting as a career choice and deems it necessary to choose between a job and being a parent. Quality time could be difficult to come by when both parents are busy doing their own jobs. As such, the relationship between parent and child may not be well enough for a healthy growth of the child, as it could end up as the child feeling unloved and neglected. Usually the parents try to compensate their lack of time by rewarding the child with material things, but it is only a matter of time before the child realizes that it’s not really what he or she wants. These are the cases in which the parents may not know a lot about the child’s personal life, even when the child has grown to an adult, as personal involvement was not encouraged nor practiced. Also, when both parents are too preoccupied with their own concerns against each other, such as feelings of jealousy and anger out of his or her partner, they may both end up neglecting the social and emotional needs of their child. Coupled with traumatic quarrels, this may well mark to the child’s memory and something he or she does not want to look back on. Effects of Divorce Usually the main issues during during events of divorce are the differences between the parents. But the effects of divorce to a child’s mentality is different, and would require a close inspaction. Divorce needs to be viewed as a permanent condition that goes far beyond the issues about custody and arrangements between their parents. During a study, it is found out that children who had divorced parents got into drugs and alcohol. Also, it was found out that these children have the fear of intimacy and generally became loners. Aside from this, it is revealed that one-third of these children finished only up to high school education. Role of parents with the child’s education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the parents are considered the first teachers of their children, they play vital role in the schooling of the child. It had been studied that the involvement of parents with school activities greatly improves the children’s learning abilities. In this regard, schools are encouraged to foster and maintain activities involving the parents of the students. These activities includes family days where the parents would visit the school for a gathering and get to know the other parents of the students. Also, some schools have associations for teachers and parents that serve as a venue to air concerns and suggestions as how to improve the leadning processes of the school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is true for all levels, including elementary, high school and university. Activities are not limited to those inside the school as parent-involvement through helping in school work taken at home can also help. Aside from it creating a bond between the child and the parents, it helps in the child’s education. During times that the parents visit the school, it is vital that they get to communicate with the teachers so they can form an understanding and assessment as to how a child had been doing. This way, any problems can be discussed and addressed accordingly. References CBC News. (May 4, 2004) Fewer Canadian marriages end in divorce. Retrieved February 27, 2008, from http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2004/05/04/divorce040504.html Child Development Institute. Research Shows Parent Involvement in Education Important To Student Success. Retrieved February 27, 2008, from http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/ Divorce Law FYI. What is Divorce? Retrieved February 27, 2008, from http://www.divorcelawfyi.com/ Divorce Magazine. Divorce Statistics. Retrieved February 27, 2008, from http://www.divorcemag.com/statistics/statsUS.shtml Divorce Source Website. Stark Legacy of Pain for Kids of Divorce. Retrieved February 27, 2008, from http://www.divorcesource.com/CA/ARTICLES/starky.html Madison Libraries. Children of Divorce Research Guide. Retrieved February 27, 2008, from http://www.college.library.wisc.edu/research_guides/childdivorce.shtml

The Doctrine Of Judicial Precedent Law Essay

The Doctrine Of Judicial Precedent Law Essay Judicial precedent also called case law. It is the system adopted by judges where the judges follow previous decisions.1It simply means that the previous decision made by judges in similar cases are binding upon future cases depending on the hierarchy of the court. Therefore, under judicial precedent, a lower court is bound to follow the decision made by a higher court when there is a case which has similar material facts to a case that has decided by a higher court. Whether or not the decision is correct, a court is bound to follow the ratio of any decision by a court above it in the hierarchy. For example, according to the hierarchy of the court system in Malaysia, Court of Appeal, High Court and Sessions Court is under Federal Court. Therefore, Federal Court decision automatically binds the Court of Appeal, High Court and Sessions Court. The diagram of hierarchy refers to appendix 1. In English Law, the system of binding precedent is called stare decisis. The principle of stare decisis involves ratio decidendi and obiter dictum. Ratio decidendi is the legal principle of the case which is binding on the lower courts. It is also the reason for deciding.2 Nevertheless, obiter dictum is not binding on the lower courts. Obiter dictum is comments made by the judges.3It means that incidental remarks by a judge which is persuasive only.4 Therefore, the judges have the choice whether to follow or not to follow. If the judges is setting a new precedent and merely making new law because there is a case before him is without precedent then it is called original precedent. However, is the judges is just merely applies an existing rule of law then it is called declaratory precedent. In the case of Donoghue v Stevenson 5, it is about the plaintiff, Mrs Donoghue went to a cafà © with a friend, who had bought her a drink of ginger beer. She had poured some of the drink into a glass and consumed it. After drinking most of it, she found a decomposed snail inside the bottle while she drinking the ginger beer. After that, Mrs Donoghue became unwell and ill. So, she decided to sue the manufacturer of the ginger beer who is the defendant. On that time, the usual remedy for damage caused by a defective product would be an action in contract. Nevertheless, Mrs Donoghue did not have any contract with the manufacturer of ginger beer even the cafà © owner. The one who have contract with the cafà © owner is Mrs Donoghues friend. This is because the ginger beer is bought by her friend but not Mrs Donoghue herself. Although Mrs Donoghues friend have contract with the cafà © owner, her friend also cannot sued for remedy damage because her friend did not get hurt by the ginger beer. As ginger beer was not a dangerous product, and the manufacturer had not fraudulently misrepresented it, the case also fell outside the scope of the established cases on product liability. 6 The House of Lords had state that the manufacturer of ginger beer owed a duty of care to the Mrs Donoghue. The manufacturer of ginger beer must have duty of care to the end customer of its products. In this case, the manufacture of ginger beer had breached the duty of care. Therefore, Mrs Donoghue is entitled for the remedy of damages. This case is binding on the lower courts because this was a unique case it was decided to first establish. Once this ratio or legal precedent was established other similar claims are followed. After that, there is another case which is Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd .7 This case is closely related to the Donoghue v Stevenson case. In Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd case, Dr Grant, the plaintiff had bought an undergarment from a retailer. The undergarment is manufactured by the defendant, Australian Knitting Mills Ltd. Dr Grant was contracted dermatitis. The undergarment was in a defective condition owing to the presence of excess of sulphite. It was found that the manufacturer had been negligently left in it in the process of manufacture. In this case, the buyer sued the retailer in contract and the manufacturer in tort. The Privy Council held that the defendants were liable to the plaintiff although there is no privity between Dr Grant and the manufacturer. The decision of this case is bound to the Donoghue v Stevenson case since there are similar cases. Here, In 2010, Mr. Justice Peter, a higher court judge sitting alone in deciding a case which has similar material facts to one decided by the Court of Appeal in 2009. Based on the explanation of doctrine of judicial precedent and the example of cases above, therefore, he is bound to the decision made by the Court of Appeal. ______________________________________________________________________________ TAR College Note TAR College Note TAR College Note Text book, Principles of Business and Corporate Law, Malaysia, pg 20 [1932] AC 562 Text book, Principles of Business and Corporate Law, Malaysia, pg 339 [1936] AC 85 Question 1(b) There are some strengths and weaknesses of case law as a source of law. The first advantage is uniformity. Everyone is treated equally1 and will get same punishment for the same case or offence. For example, in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562, the decision is Mrs Donoghue is entitled for the remedy of damages in the case. Therefore after that, this case is bind. So when there is case which has similar facts with this case Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd (1936) AC 85, the plaintiff is entitled for the claims of damages by following the case of Donoghue v Stevenson. There is uniformity as everyone is treated equally and it is fair for them. The second advantage will be certainty. There is certainty because if the problem has been solved before, the court is bound to adopt or follow the solution.2 Thus, the lawyer can do the research so that they can advise or tell more accurately to their client the punishment of the case. When Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd (1936) AC 85 happened, the lawyer can roughly know what is the punishment or solution to settle up this case as previously there is a similar case Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562 happened and the judges have to bind and follow the decision. Predictability is the third advantage. This is because when there are cases that have similar materials facts with the previous cases, the lawyers can roughly know what is the outcome of the new case. By forecasting the outcome of the case, the lawyers can tell their clients the percentage of the winning rate. [Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) and Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd (1936)] So, the lawyer can refer to Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) and tell their clients what is the percentage of winning the case and what are the solutions for that case or is it worth to continue up this case. Besides, the other advantage of case law is less legal cost incurred. This is because the case can be resolved and settled quickly3. When there is a decisions made by judges previously on similar material facts, they can save money. This is because there already have the previous examples, so they can settle the case quickly as they can follow the decisions of the previous one. Then this can shorten the duration of the case, and this can help to save up the legal costs that need to be paid. Other than that, personality of the judges will not influence the outcome of a dispute in court as judges will be bound to follow the previous decisions.4 When there is judicial precedent, the judges cannot make the decision by its own thinking or idea which might influence the offender future. This is because every person got their own personalities, included the judges themselves. So one of the advantages is the judges have to follow the previous decisions. So that everyone will get the same punishment and this is fair for everyone. On the other hand, case law has its disadvantages too which we known it as weaknesses. One of the weaknesses is bulky and complex. Sometimes there are too many cases and too many laws that no one can learn all of it.5 When there is a case happened which have the similar material facts with previous one, the lawyer has to refer to the previous case. When lawyer need to read all the cases and refer to them, it is quite complicated for lawyers as they do not know what is the best reference. For example, in the case of Phillips v Brooks [1919] 2 KB 243 Horridge J and Ingram v Little [1960] 3 All ER 332, CA. The results of these 2 cases are different, but there are similarity facts. Then, in the next case [Lewis v Averay [1971] 3 All ER 907, CA] the judges decided to follow the decision of Phillips v Brooks and doubting Ingram v Little. If the lawyer feels that the chance of winning is higher after see the result of case Ingram v Little, at the end it might disappointed them. So, it is so complicated and bulky for the lawyers as they cannot decide which one is the best refe rence for them. In addition of that, sometimes it is rigidity or not flexible which means that it may sometimes cause hardship.6 Once it is created it is binding until it is being overruled.7 When there are bad decisions made on previous cases, the new case which has the similar material facts with it has to follow the bad decision too. It is so unfair for them. Lastly, we know that only the ratio of the case is binding in a case.8 So the weakness of case law is sometimes the ratio decidendi of a case is very difficult to find. So the problem occurs when it is very difficult to tell which part is the ratio decidendi and which is the obiter dictum of the case. For example in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562, the House of Lords said the manufacturers had a duty of care to the consumer of their product. Then, this decision that the House of Lords made is certainly encouraging subsequent judges to break out of the shackles of the past, it was thought at the time to be obiter and was regarded as too wide a statement of the law. However, it was approved by Lord Reid in Home Office v Dorset Yacht [1970] 2 All ER 294 by saying that it is ought to apply unless there is some justification or valid explanation for its exclusion. Thus, the principle is now treated as ratio at least in relation to physical injury and damage to property whic h subject to certain limitations. So, sometimes it is difficult for the judges to decide which part is ratio and need to follow or not. ______________________________________________________________________________ 1. TAR College Note 2. TAR College Note 3. TAR College Note 4. TAR College Note 5. TAR College Note 6. TAR College Note 7. TAR College Note 8. TAR College Note

Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior? :: Media, Violent Video Games

Does playing video games cause aggressive behavior? Because children and teenagers spend an increased amount of time each day playing video games, they are shaping their values, attitudes, and behaviors. For people who do act out aggressively, the results can be deadly. Monthly, the news is filled with blood-chilling accounts of crimes committed due to a copy-cat obsession with violent video games. This paper will present a brief review of literature and reveal the difficulties in answering this question with certainty. For the past 40 years, since the first video games were created, the gaming industry has developed games that would surpass other games before it. Since the late 1970’s, when the first two games of â€Å"Pacman† and â€Å"Space Invaders† were created, video games have changed tremendously over time. The late 1970’s through the 1980’s video game makers used what was called an 8-bit graphic system, which limited many features they could put in video games (Porter & Starcevic, 2007). Violence was not realistic, blood was not red, and so violence in video games was not incorporated into the new games that appeared on the market. In the early 1990’s, video game makers began using a 16-bit graphic system which would enable them to incorporate much more detail of violence and blood into video games. This caused an increase in violent video game demand and an increase in realistic violent events incorporated into these games (Porter & Starcevic , 2007). With technology in video games enhanced, the productivity on violent videos games moved up as well. When a game called ‘Mortal Kombat’ was released in the early 1990’s with a gruesome death seen in the game, the US Congress had to intervene. They told the gaming industry they had to come up with an accurate grading system to rate the games on age-appropriateness and content-appropriateness. This brought on the â€Å"Entertainment Software Rating Board.† While rating each video game and posting that rate on them has improved access by small children, teens and young adults can still buy and view very violent scenes(Porter & Starcevic, 2007). In 2007, there was a tragic event at Virginia Tech University. A young man by the name of Seung Hui Cho went on a rampage on the campus and killed a total of â€Å"32 students and faculty† (Ferguson, 2007).

Profile Essays Profile Essays - Grandfather, Grandpa :: Personal Narrative Profile

Profile Essays Profile Essays - Grandfather, Grandpa By definition, my grandfather is handicapped. However, he doesn't act as though he is, and he certainly does not want to be treated in any special way. In fact, most of the handicapped people in society do not appreciate being treated in a way different from anyone else. They just want to be accepted as human beings. Some people become handicapped as a result of an accident. Others are born with their disabilities. My grandfather was asleep one night on a Coast Guard cutter when another ship, a destroyer, appeared in the distance. The destroyer hit my grandfather's ship in the exact spot where he was sleeping. When he awoke, he found himself in the freezing water, watching his friends swim ashore to safety. They were leaving my grandfather there to die. Luckily, an angel in the form of a Coast guard chef rescued him and sought out help. The next thing he knew, he was in a hospital bed without legs (from the kneecap down) and with a broken neck. I admire the fact that my grandfather resumed a normal life-style after being released from the hospital two years after his accident. Not only did he get married, but he raised six children. He used artificial limbs for a number of years while holding a job at IBM. After a while, though, he ceased using them because they felt too unnatural. Now, while enjoying the "retired life," his mode of transportation is a wheelchair. As a young child, I remember how my grandfather's disability affected my life. I don't think that I even knew what the purpose of his wheelchair was. To me, it was just a toy, just another toy that my cousins and I could play with. I almost always received a wheelchair ride around the house. I can't recall my grandpa ever complaining about those long wheelchair journeys down the hall to the bedrooms and the bathroom. I am lucky for such a wonderful role model while growing up.

Benefits of Cost Accounting Information

Cost accounting offers benefits for manufacturing companies. A cost accounting information system offers benefits for many companies. Cost accounting is a type of accounting method concerned with the cost of goods manufactured and /or sold. Many factors are taken into consideration when cost accountants analyze business costs . The information determined by these accountants is used for inventory valuation , financial statements and decision making . Inventory Valuation Cost accounting offers the benefit of having an accurate inventory valuation of all inventories on hand . This includes all raw products used to make goods , all work-in -process inventories and all finished goods ready for sale. Cost accountants take all costs into consideration and are able to determine the value of all of these inventories on hand . This information is useful for financial statements and for management of the company . Managers use this information to determine selling goals and production needs . Maximum Efficiency Cost accounting is beneficial to determine the maximum efficiency production amounts . Cost accountants take all costs into consideration when calculating this amount . Manufacturing costs consist of direct labor , materials and manufacturing overhead. These costs are all calculated and added up to find a per- unit cost price for manufactured items. When the cost price is calculated, these accountants begin determining a hypothesis of production rates . Many times cost accountants determine that if production is increased slightly, overhead costs remain the same. If this is the case, increasing production actually results in a lower per -unit cost for production , and the end result is a higher profit . Decision Making The information determined by cost accountants is used for decision making for future company needs . Short -term goals and decisions are made as well as long-term strategic decisions. The analysis of cost information is used to compare projected costs to actual costs . This is useful for businesses when budgets are created . Often times, unforeseen costs occur with production , and they are determined in this way. Unforeseen costs are added into the future budgets at rates calculated by cost accountants . Cost accounting also helps companies establish approximate future cash flows . Short -term production goals and marketing decisions are set based on this information. Long -term production plans are also calculated.

Role of Project Manager

NICMAR ASSIGNMENT ON â€Å"ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS† SUBMITTED BY: JHA PRAVIN KUMAR JOSHI SOURABH MALANI GOVIND 221071 221074 221094 GUIDED BY: Prof. T. K. GANGULI ACM 22-SECTION 2 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH, PUNE ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 1 NICMAR INDEX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Role of Project Manager 2. 1 Planning 2. 2 Organizing 2. 3 Controlling 2. 4 Leading 2. 5 Communicating 2. 6 Cognitive functions 2. 7 Self management functions 2. 8 Motivational and personal development functions 2. 9 Customer awareness functions 2. 0 Organizational savvy functions 2. 11 Project Manager’s Unofficial Job Duties 3. Conclusion Page no. 3 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 2 NICMAR 1. Introduction 1. 1 Project A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to achieve a particular aim. At the most basic level, a project is actually the response to a need, the solution to a problem. Further it is a solution that promises a bene fit especially financial benefit. The fundamental purpose for most projects is to either make money or save money, hence projects should be financially justifiable. A project is temporary in nature; that means that it has a specific start and finish. A project consists of a well defined collection of small jobs and ordinarily culminates in the creation of an end product or products. A project is a unique, one time undertaking; it will never again be done exactly the same way, by the same people, and within the same environment. There will always be some uncertainty associated with the project. This uncertainty represents risks to your ability to make definitive plans and predict outcomes with high level of confidence. All projects consume resources in the form of time, money, materials and labour. 1. 2 Project Management Project management is the application of knowledge, skill, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirement. The project management process calls for the creation of a small organizational (project team), which is often a microcosm of larger organization. Once the team has produced desired outcome, the process then calls for the decommissioning of that small organizational structure. The project form of organization allows the manager to be responsive to: †¢ †¢ †¢ The client and the environment Identify and correct problems at an early date Make timely decisions about trade-offs between conflicting project goals ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 3 NICMAR †¢ Ensure that managers of the separate tasks that comprise the project do not optimize the performance of their individual tasks at the expense of the total project- that is, that they do not suboptimize. 1. 3 Project Manager A project manager is usually responsible for the success or the failure of the project. They first need to define the project and then build its work plan. If the scope of the project is not very clear, or the project is executing poorly, the manager is held accountable. However, this does not mean that the manager does all the work by himself (which is practically impossible). There is an entire team under the project manager, which helps to achieve all the objectives of the project. However, if something goes wrong, the project manager is ultimately accountable. Apart from this, depending on the size and the complexity of the project, they may need to take on multiple roles. The project manager may need to assist with gathering business requirements, help to design a database management system or may prepare project documentation. They may work full time on a large project, or may work part-time on various projects of a smaller nature; or may alternatively handle various projects as well as handle other responsibilities like business analysis and business development. At times, they may have accountability but not authority. For example, he or she may be using certain resources but might not have direct control over those resources. At such times, the manager might find certain limitations over task execution, which might not take place as they might have liked. Not having direct control over the state of finances and finance allocation might cause ambiguity. Project managers use project management software, such as Microsoft Project, to organize their tasks and workforce. These software packages allow project managers to produce reports and charts in a few minutes, compared to the several hours it can take if they do not use a software package. ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 4 NICMAR In order to be successful, the project manager must be given support and authority by senior management. 2. Role of Project Manager It is the responsibility of project manager to make sure that the customer is satisfied and the work scope is completed in a quality manner, using budget, and on time. The Project Manager has primary responsibility for providing leadership in planning, organizing and controlling the work effort to accomplish the project objectives. In other words, the project manager provides the leadership to project team to accomplish the project objective. The project manager coordinates the activities of various team members to ensure that they perform the right tasks at the proper time, as a cohesive group. The different roles of project manager are as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Planning Organizing Controlling Leading Communicating Cognitive functions Self management functions Motivational and personal development functions Customer awareness functions Organizational savvy functions ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 5 NICMAR 2. 1 Planning First, the project manager clearly defines the project objectives and reaches agreement with the customer on this objective. The manager then communicate this objective to the project team in such a manner as to create a vision of what will constitute successful accomplishment of the objective. The project manager spearheads development of a plan to achieve the project objectives. By involving the project team in developing this plan, the project manager ensures more comprehensive plan than he or she could develop alone. Furthermore, such participation gains the commitment of the team to achieve the plan. The project manager reviews the plan with the customer to gain endorsement and then sets up the project management information system-either manual or computerized-for comparing actual progress to plan progress. It’s important that this system be explained to the project team so that the team can use it properly to manage the project. 2. 2 Organizing Organizing involves securing the appropriate resources to perform the work. First, the project must decide which tasks should be done in-house and which tasks should be done by subcontractors or consultants. For tasks that will be carried out in-house, the project manager gains a commitment from the specific people who will work on the project. For tasks that will be performed by subcontractors, the project manager clearly defines the work scope and deliverables and negotiates a contract with each subcontractor. The project manager also assigns responsibility and delegates’ authority to specific individuals or subcontractors for the various tasks, with the understanding that they will e accountable for the accomplishment of their tasks within the assigned budget and schedule. For large projects involving many individuals, the project manager may designate leaders for specific group of tasks. Finally, and most important, the task of organizing involves creating an environment in which the individuals are highly motivated to work together as a project t eam. ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 6 NICMAR 2. 3 Controlling To control the project, the project manager implements a management information system designed to track actual progress and compare it with planned progress. Such a system helps the manager distinguish between busy-ness and accomplishments. Project team members monitor the progress of their assigned tasks and regularly provide data on progress, schedule and cost. These data are supplemented by regular project review meetings. If actual progress falls behind planned progress or unexpected events occur the project manager takes immediate action. He or she obtains input and advice from team members regarding appropriate corrective actions and how to replan those parts of the project. It’s important that problems and even potential problems, be identified early and action taken. The project manager cannot take a â€Å"let’s wait and see how things works out† approach- things never works out on their own. He or she must intervene and be proactive, resolving problems before they become worse. 2. 4 Leading Project manager fosters development of a common mission and vision to the team members. He should clearly define roles, responsibilities and performance expectations for all his team members. He uses leadership style appropriately to situation or stage of team development. He should be able to foster collaboration among team members. He should provide clear direction and priorities to his team members. He should be efficient enough to remove obstacles that hamper team progress, readiness or effectiveness. He should promote team participation in problem solving and decision making as appropriate. He should pass credit on to team, and promotes their positive visibility to upper management. He should appreciate, promote and leverage the diversity within the team. 2. 5 Communicating ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 7 NICMAR The Project Manager should be able to communicate effectively with all levels inside and outside of the organizations. He should be able to negotiate fairly and effectively with the customers/subcontractors. He should be able to bring conflicts into the open and manages it collaboratively and productively with the help of other team members. He should be able to able to influence without relying on coercive power or threats. He should be able to convey ideas and information clearly and concisely, both in writing and orally to all the team members. . 6 Cognitive functions The project manager should identify the problem and gathers information systematically and seeks input from several sources. He should then consider a broad range of issues or factors while solving these problems. For this he collects the appropriate quantity of data for the situation and discusses it with all the team members before making a decision. He then draws accurate conclusions from quantitative data and makes decisions in an unbiased, objective manner using an appropriate process. For this process of decision making he understands the concept of risk versus return and makes decision accordingly. 2. 7 Self management functions The project manager should be able to maintain focus and control when faced with ambiguity and uncertainty and should be able to show consistency among principles, values and behavior. He should be resilient and tenacious in the face of pressure, opposition, constraints, or adversity. Being the head of the project he should manage implementations effectively and should recognize as someone â€Å"who gets things done. He should continuously seek feedbacks from the team members and modify his behavior accordingly. He should take keen interest in learning and self development opportunities. 2. 8 Motivational and personal development functions Project manager should consider individual skills, values and interest of all his team members when assigning or delegating tasks to them. He should allow team ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 8 NICMAR me mbers an appropriate amount of freedom to do the job. He should accurately access individual strength and development needs of his team members to complete the work effectively. He should continuously offer opportunities for personal and professional growth to his team members. He should arrange for training program and continuously seeks support to his team member when needed. He should pass credit on to the individuals and promote their positive visibility to upper management. He should give timely, specific and constructive feedback to all his team members. 2. 9 Customer awareness functions Project manager should be able to anticipate customer’s needs effectively and proactively strives to satisfy them. He should be able to accurately translate the customer’s verbalized wants into what they actually needs. He should be able to understand customers and their business and actively build and maintain strong customer relationships. He should understand customer’s issues, concerns and queries and try to resolve them effectively. He should actively strive to exceed customer expectations. 2. 10 Organizational savvy functions Project manager should involve the right people at the right time for a particular job. Understands, accepts and properly uses power and influence in relationships. He should build and leverage formal and informal networks to get things done. He should know the mission, structure and functions of the organizations and others. He should understand profitability and general management philosophy. He balance interests and needs of team/project with those of the broader organization. 2. 11 Project Manager’s Unofficial Job Duties The functional competencies listed above represents official duties of the typical project manager. In fact, if organization has developed a job description for project managers, it probably includes many of these functional competencies. What we won’t find in job description are the unofficial duties that Project Managers perform in the course of carrying out their mission. Let’s examine some of the key ones: ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 9 NICMAR Babysitter: This refers to the apparent need to provide close guidance or detailed instructions to certain individuals. This situation results from any number of root causes. The target may be under qualified, lack of confidence or simply crave attention. Salesperson: There will be times when they will have to rely heavily on their ability to influence thers to sell an idea, sell themselves or perhaps sell the virtues of Project Management. Most of the selling situations will be helpful and have positive outcomes. However if he find himself spending too much time selling Project Management, they may signal deeper underline problems such as issues of trust or confidence. If most of the selling he does to his management, he is in trouble; this is a signal that l ife as a project manager may be exceptionally challenging. Teacher: This is an example of an unofficial role that actually yields positive roles. In fact, superior project managers will be able to educate and develop those they work with as they manage the project. Friend: Maintaining friendship and professional relationship with the same people is difficult. However if they can do it they will benefit greatly. An open, informal and comfortable communication linkage is much more likely to keep them supplied with more of the information they need than formal, rigorous and stiff team meetings. Finally avoid the trap of believing that he is been put in charge of a project so he has risen above his peers and friendship no longer matters. . Conclusion â€Å"The Project Manager is a key ingredient in the success of a Project. In addition to providing leadership in planning, organizing and controlling the Project, the manager should possess a set of skills that will both inspire the project team to succeed and win the confidence of the customer. Effective Project Managers have strong leadership ability, the ability to develop people , excellent communication skills, good inter personal skills, the ability to handle stress, problem solving skills and time management skills†. ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 10